Antoine Lavoisier, “Elements of Chemistry“, 1789 was the topic of an earlier blog post.
Robert Whittaker, “Five Kingdoms of Life”, 1969 also was the topic of an earlier blog post.
Here I present: Carl Woese & Kandler – Wheelis, “Towards a Natural System of Organisms”, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, Volume 87, June 1990, Page 4576.
Carl Linnaeus (1707−1778), System of Nature”, 1735 was an attempt at three “kingdoms” nomenclature. Linnaeus used “Animal”, “Vegetable” and “Mineral” as his first published book. This system grouped animals, plants and minerals into classes, orders, genera and species, and gave each a scientific Latin name.
In 1741, Carl Linnaeus became Professor of Medicine at Uppsala University, SWEDEN.
The “Mineral” kingdom of Carl Linnaeus (1707−1778), “System of Nature”, 1735 was never used as chemical nomenclature.
Carl Linnaeus published “Systema Naturae” in 1735; and, “Genera Plantarum” in 1737. Carl Linnaeus, ”Genera Plantarum”, 1737 excludes the “mineral” kingdom. Carl Linnaeus was a “herbalist (botanist)”; and, Linnaeus was not a “mineralist (physicist)”.
Antoine Lavoisier (1743 – 1794), “Elements of Chemistry”, 1789 was acceptable as chemical nomenclature by “mineral” scientist. Antoine Lavoisier (1743 -1794), unlike Carl Linnaeus was a “physicist (chemist)”. Lavoisier chemical nomenclature is based on the “molecule”; and, molecules are “element” structures. Robert Boyle, “The Sceptical Chymist”, 1661 introduced the idea of “molecular element”. Boyle rejected the Aristotle, “Physics”, 350 BC meaning of “element” as an ideologic entity that is physically meaningless.
Carl Linnaeus (1707−1778), “System of Nature”, 1735 was successful in as biological nomenclature. An organism could be designated by a generic (genus) and specific (species) word pair. Humans, for example in the generic-specific terms of genus-species, are simply Homo sapiens.
The “kingdom” taxon was the largest for Carl Linnaeus (1707−1778). In 1969, Robert Wittaker proposed a “domain” class that was larger than “kingdom”. Three multicellular “kingdoms” of Animal, Plant, and Fungus made up the Eukaryote “domain”, shown BELOW. These three (3) kingdoms are distinguished by nutritive-mode ingestive, photosynthetic and absorptive energetics.
Here I presented: Carl Woese & Kandler – Wheelis, “Towards a Natural System of Organisms”, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, Volume 87, June 1990, Page 4576.
SUMMARY
In 1990, Carl Woese proposed two (2)“domain” for all unicellular organisms, shown BELOW.
Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) on the chart represents the origin of life. The terms Bacteria and Archaea are two (2) “domains” of unicellular life. Bacteria is represented significantly by “gram-staining” eubacteria. Archaea is represented significantly by extreme temperature, and salinity unicellular life.
Domain-kingdoms are the largest groupings in systematics; and, genus-species are the smallest grouping is an organism. Whittaker (1969) classified multicellular life; and, Woese (1990) classified unicellular life. Aristotle, “Physics”, 350 BC was the first physics book in the world. Aristotle was a student of Plato’s Academy in Athens, Greece (Academy was the first university in the Western world).
The Wittaker (1969) and Woese (1990) are continuation of historically difficult “language” problems for “scientific communications”. Peter Mark Roget, “Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases”, 1805 has been a solution this problem of “scientific communication”.
