Robert Boyle (1627-1691), “The Sceptical Chymist”, 1661 was a science book that became famous in the history of science. John Riley, “Portrait of Robert Boyle’, 1689 painting is shown above as the book cover to “The Sceptical Chymist”, 1661. The book resulted in rejection of Aristotle, “Physics”, 350 BC. It is the beginning of modern chemistry, as physical chemistry because of its duality concept of “molecular element” & “elemental molecule”. This is the origin of physical chemistry; however “physiological chemistry” (biochemistry) originates with: Yellow Emperor, “Classic of Internal Medicine“, or Huandi, “Neijing”.
