Johann Thudichum, “The Chemical Constitution of the Brain”, 1884 was the topic of an earlier blog post. Konrad Volk, “A Sumerian Reader”, 1999, PART TWO (II) was also the topic of an earlier blog post. Here I present: Konrad Volk, “A Sumerian Reader”, 1999 PART THREE (III). INTRODUCTION. The reading of language occurred first in … Continue reading Konrad Volk, “A Sumerian Reader”, 1999 PART THREE (III).
Richard Wrangham, “Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human”, 2009 was the topic of an earlier blog post. Jean Bottero, ‘The Oldest Cuisine in the World: Cooking in Mesopotamia’, 2011 also was the topic of an earlier blog post. Here I present: Richard Wrangham, “Catching Fire”, 2009, PART TWO (II). INTRODUCTION. Reading began in Prehistory … Continue reading Richard Wrangham, “Catching Fire”, 2009, PART TWO (II).
Konrad Volk, “A Sumerian Reader”, 1999 uses the 256 logograms list BELOW. The numbers refer to how many impressions a logogram has. The list must be memorized. CUNEIFORM LIST. 0. 𒊹 (one).1. 𒁹 𒀸 𒌋 (three).2. 𒈫 𒑖 𒐞 𒉽 𒁁 𒈦 𒋙 𒇲 𒈨 (nine).3. 𒐈 𒀀 𒆳 𒋻 𒋡 𒉡 𒃰 𒆕 𒉺 … Continue reading Konrad Volk, “A Sumerian Reader”, 1999, PART TWO (II).
Joshua Bowen’ & Megan Lewis’ , “Learn to Read Ancient Sumerian”, 2020, PART THREE (III) a “beginner level” book 
1. 𒀸 1. U+12038. “aš / rum”.
ONE.
2. 𒁀 4. U+12040. “ba”.
GIFT. THIS. SHARE.
3. 𒍪 8. U+1236A. “zu / ṣu₂”.
KNOW. YOUR. LEARN.
4. 𒋢 9. U+122E2 “su / kuš”.
SKIN. BODY. SINK.
5. 𒊿 20. U+122BF “šen”.
6. 𒁄 7. U+12044 “bal / bala”.
THROUGH. EXCHANGE.
7. 𒄈 6. U+12108 “ĝir₂”. KNIFE. DAGGER. SWORD.
8. 𒁔 8. U+12054 “ušum”. SNAKE.
9. 𒋻 3. U+122FB. “tar / ku₅”.
CUT. DIVIDE. BREAK-OFF.
10. 𒀭 4. U+1202D. “an / diĝir”.
STAR. SKY. GOD.
11. 𒅗 11. U+12157 “ka / gu₃ / du₁₁ / zu₂”. SPEAK. WORD. NOSE. MOUTH. TOOTH.
12. 𒅥 15. U+12165 “gu₇”. EAT. TO-EAT.
13. 𒌷 6. U+12337 “uru”. CITY. TOWN.
14. “unken”.
15. 𒌷 6. U+12337 “uru / urux”.
16. “ĝišgal”.
17. 𒅕 5. U+12155 “er”. TAKE. BRING. ROB.
18. “urdu”.
19. 𒌗 7. U+12317 “iti”. MOON. MONTH.
20. 𒋚 13. U+122DA “šubur”. PIG.
21. 𒆷 12. U+121B7 “la”.
NO. WITHOUT. NOT.
22. “engar”.
23. 𒈤 9. U+12224 “mah”. CHIEF. GREAT. EXALTED.
24.𒌅 15. U+12305 “tu”.
25. 𒇷 18. U+121F7 “le / li”. JUNIPER-SHRUB.
26. 𒉽 2. U+1227D “kur”. FOREIGN. HOSTILE.
27. 𒈬 7. U+1222C “mu / gu₁₀”. NAME.
28. 𒋡 3. U+122E1 “sila”.
29. “taka”.
30. 𒄀 9. U+12100 “gi”. REED.
31. 𒊒 6. U+12292 “ru / šub”. FALL. FELL.
32. 𒁁 2. U+12041 “til”. LIVE. TO-LIVE.
33. 𒈾 9. U+1223E “na”. STONE.
34. 𒉢 14. U+12262 “šir”.
35. 𒆰 5. U+121B0 “numun”. SOW. SEED.
36. 𒋾 4. U+122FE “ti”. ARROW.
37. 𒈦 2. U+12226 “bar / maš”. HALF. MIDDLE.
38. 𒉡 3. U+12261 “nu”. NOT. NO.
39. 𒈧 6. U+12226 “maš”. MALE-GOAT.
40. 𒄷 4. U+12137 “hu / mušen”. BIRD.
41. 𒉆 13. U+12246 “nam”. FATE. DESTINY.
42. 𒅅 11. U+12145 “ig / ĝal”. DOOR. TO-EXIST.
43. 𒈿 18. U+1223F “nu”. SLEEP. LIE-DOWN.
44. 𒍣 13. U+12363 “zi”. BREATH. THROAT. LIFE.
45. 𒄀 9. U+12100 “ge / gi”. REED.
46. 𒊑 5. U+12291 “re / ri”. LIE-DOWN. LAY-UPON. THAT.
47. 𒉣 6. U+12263 “nun / eridu”. RULER. PRINCE. NOBLE.
48. 𒃰 3. U+120F0 “gada”.
49. 𒀝 11. U+1201D “ak”. MAKE. BUILD. ACT. DO.
50. 𒌢 15. U+12322 “umbin”. NAIL.
51. 𒁵 11. U+12075 “mun”. SALT.
52. 𒀝 9. U+1201D “aka”. ACT. TO-ACT.
53. 𒂗 10. U+12097 “en”. OWNER. LORD.
54. 𒁰 19. U+12070 “dara”.
55. 𒋩 5. U+122E9 “sur”. RAIN. DRIP.
56. 𒈹 5.U+12239 “muš”.
57. 𒊓 8. U+12293 “sa”.
58. 𒃷 8. U+120F7 ”kar”. LAND. FIELD.
59. 𒄘 9. U+12118 “gu”. SHORE. BANK. SHOULDER.
60. 𒄙 11. U+12119 ”dur”.
61. 𒄥 4. U+12125 “gur”. TURN. TWIST.
62. 𒋛 4. U+122DB “si”. HORN.
63. 𒁯 9. U+1206F “dar”. SPECKLED. DECORATED.
64. 𒊕 7. U+12295 “saĝ”. HEAD.
65. 𒈣 5. U+12223 “ma”. BOAT. SHIP.
66. 𒌓 4. U+12313 “ud₅”. SUN. DAY. WHITE.
67. “diri”.
68. 𒇹 4. U+12404 “limmu”. FOUR.
69. 𒋳 12. U+122F3 “tag”. TOUCH. HOLD. BIND.
70. 𒀊 5. U+1200A “ab”. WINDOW. SEA. LAKE.
71. 𒀯 12. U+1202F “mul”. STARS. RADIANT. SPARKLING.
72. 𒆍 13. U+1218D “ka”. DOOR. GATE.
73. 𒌝 10. “um”.
74. 𒁾 12. U+1207E “dub”. TABLET. CLAY-TABLET.
75. 𒋫 6. U+122EB “ta”. FROM. OUT-OF.
76. 𒄿 7. “i”.
77. 𒃶 14. “gan”.
78. 𒌉 7. “dumu”.
79. 𒀜 9. “ad”.
80. 𒅔 13. “in”.
81. 𒈗 14. “lugal”.
82. 𒂡 10. “ezen”.
83. “asilax”.
84. 𒂦 11. “bad”.
85. “keš”.
86. 𒊬 13. U+122AC “mu / sar”. INSCRIPTION. TEXT. WRITING.
87. 𒊺 10. “se / šum”.
88. 𒆜 4. “kas”.
89. “du₈”.
90. “eden”.
91. 𒄠 8. “am”.
92. 𒉈 9. “bi / de / izi / ne”.
93. 𒉋 13. “gibil”.
94. 𒀝 11. ”ag”.
95. 𒉚 16. U+1225A “šam”. BUY. SELL.
96. 𒄣 10. “gum”
97. 𒀔 8. “unug”.
98. 𒀏 11. “nanše / nina”.
99. “suḫuš”.
100. 𒁽 9. U+1207D “kaš”.
101. 𒁺 5. “du”.
102. “ib”.
103. 𒀲 17. “anše”.
104. 𒃾 8. “ĝeštin”.
105. 𒍑 6. U+12351 “uš / nita”. MAN. MALE.
106. “kuš / iš / saḫar”.
107. 𒁉 7. “bi / be”.
108. 𒋋 16. “bappir”.
109. 𒄒 6. “kib”.
110. 𒎎 7. U+1238E “na₄”. STONE.
111. 𒆕 3. “gag / du”.
112. 𒉌 4. “zal / i / li /ne ni”.
113. 𒅕 5. “ir”.
114. 𒂷 5. “ga / ĝa”.
115. 𒂼 9. U+120BC “ama / daĝal”. MOTHER. WIDE.
116. 𒃠 11. “ĝanun”.
117. 𒆦 5. “kisal”.
118. 𒃢 8. “sila₄”.
119. “uru / ur”.
120. 𒃌 9. U+120CC “galga”.
121. 𒁖 11. “dag”.
122. 𒉺 3. “pa”.
123. 𒄑 3. “ĝiš”.
124. 𒄞 5. “gu₄”.
125. 𒀠 8. U+12020 “al”. HOE. PICKAXE.
126. “ub”.
127. 𒈥 5. “mar”.
128. 𒂊 7. “e”.
129. “baḫar / dug”.
130. 𒌦 14. U+12326 “un / kalam”. LAND. COUNTRY.
131. 𒆤 9. “ke₄ / lil”.
132. “sagga”.
133. 𒌑 6. “u₂”.
134. 𒂵 13. “ga”.
135. 𒅍 18. U+1214D “il₂”. LIFT. RAISE. CARRY.
136. 𒈛 8. “luh”.
137. 𒄨 5. “ĝuruš”.
138. 𒃥 15. “esag”.
139. 𒉪 12. “nir”.
140. 𒄄 13. U+12104 “gi₄ / ge₄”. SEND. RETURN.
141. 𒊏 9. “ra”.
142. 𒇽 8. “lu₂”.
143. 𒋀 7. “šeš”.
144. 𒍠 14. U+12360 “za₃”. RIGHTSIDE. RIGHT.
145. 𒃼 8. U+120FC “gar₃”.
146. 𒀉 17. “a₂”.
147. 𒁕 11. “da”.
148. 𒌤 16. “de₂”.
149. 𒀾 5. “aš₂”.
150. 𒈠 5. “ma”.
151. 𒃲 6. “gal”.
152. 𒁈 22. “bara”.
153. 𒄫 10. “peš”.
154. 𒂇 14. “nigir”.
155. 𒁓 9 U+12053 “bur”. BOWL. VESSEL. PLATTER.
156. 𒊭 8. “ša”.
157. 𒋗 6. “šu”.
158. 𒆒 10. “kad₄”.
159. 𒈜 13. “ka₅ / nar”.
160. 𒊷 18. “sa₆”.
161. 𒀩 22. “alan”.
162. 𒌵 16. “uri”.
163. 𒆳 3. “kur”.
164. 𒊺 10. “še”.
165. 𒁍 5. U+1204D “bu / pu / gid”. LENGTHEN. STRETCH. LONG.
166. 𒋤 9. “su₃”.
167. 𒈲 10. “muš”.
168. “tir”.
169. 𒋼𒀀 9. “kar”.
170. 𒌓 4. “u₄ / ud / utu”.
171. 𒉿 4. “pi”.
172. 𒊮 6. “ša₃”.
173. 𒌔 10. “uh₂”.
174. 𒂟 4. “erin”.
175. 𒉭 10. U+1226D “nunuz”. EGG.
176. 𒄭 4. “du₁₀ / šar”.
177. 𒉎 10. “im / ni / iškur”.
178. 𒄯 9. “hur”.
179. ḫuš
180. 𒄰 6. “kam”.
181. 𒌋 1. U+1230B “u / bur₃ / šu₄ / šuš”. TEN.
182. 𒌋𒅗 12. “ugu”.
183. “eštar / ugun”.
184. “utul / ab”.
185.𒄋 20. U+1210B “alim”. BISON.
186. 𒈪 9. “mi / ĝi₆ / gi₆”.
187. “šakan”.
188. “nu”.
189. 𒉏 5. “nim / elam”.
190. 𒉐 12. “tum’₃”.
191. 𒀫 6. “amar”.
192. 𒁶 7. “gim / dim / šitim”.
193. 𒌌 6. “du₇ / ul”.
194. 𒂂 10. “dugud”.
195. “nigin”.
196. 𒅆 3. U+12146 “igi / ši”. EYE. SIGHT. VISION. FRONT. FACE.
197. “pa”.
198. 𒅈 8. “ar”.
199. 𒅆𒁾 15. ”agrig”.
200. 𒅇 10. “u₃”.
201. 𒅆𒌨 8. “hul”.
202. 𒁲 6. “sa / silim”.
203. 𒇯 8. “du₆”.
204. “ki”.
205. 𒂄 12. U+12084 “šul”. PIG.
206. 𒆬 14. “ku₃”.
207. 𒌍 3. “eš”.
208. 𒐐 5. “ninnu”.
209. 𒁹 1. “diš / ĝeš”.
210. 𒇲 2. “la₂”.
211. 𒆸 4. “nigin₂”.
212. 𒇉 7. “engur”.
213. 𒇇 14. “u₈”.
214. “šara”.
215. 𒇥 5. U+121E5 “pu₂ / gigir”. ODOROUS. FETID. SMELLY.
216. 𒆹 6. “ambar”.
217. “kilib”.
218. 𒈨 2. “me”.
219. 𒐞 2. “ĝeš”.
220. 𒅁 8. “ib”.
221. 𒆪 5. “dur / eš”.
222. 𒇻 6. “udu / lu”.
223. 𒆥 10. ”gur₁₀ / kiĝ”.
224. “siki”.
225. 𒂞 16. “eren”.
226. 𒋙 2. U+122D9 “šu”. TOTALITY. WORLD.
227. “keš”.
228. “šudul”.
229. 𒊩 4. U+122A9 “mi / munus”. WOMAN. FEMALE.
230. 𒊩𒌆 10. U+1238F “nin”. PRINCESS. SISTER. LADY.
231. 𒁮 10. U+1206E “dam”. WIFE. SPOUSE.
232. 𒊩𒆳 7. “geme”. FEMALE SLAVE.
233. 𒄖 7. U+12116 “gu”. LINEN. FLAX. THREAD. STRING.
234. 𒉄 8. U+12244 “nagar”.
235. 𒆵 6. U+121B5 “kušu”.
236. 𒂖 8. U+12096 “sikil”. CLEAN. PURE. CLEAR.
237. 𒈝 12. U+1221D “lum / num”. EXCREMENT. FECES.
238. 𒋞 10. U+122DE “sig₄”. SHOULDER. MUDBRICK.
239. 𒈫 2. U+1222B “min”. TWO.
240. 𒑚 3. “šušana”.
241. “kingusili”.
242. 𒌇 4. U+12307 “tuku”. SING. PLAY-MUSIC. SONG.
243. 𒌨 5. U+12328 “ur / lik”. DOG.
244. 𒀀 3. U+12000 “a”. WATER
245. 𒍝 4. U+1235D. “za / ṣa”.GEM. BEAD. GEMSTONE.
246. “ḫa”.
247. 𒐈 3. U+12408 “eš”.
THREE.
248. 𒂇 14. U+12087 “aga”. HERALD. SIGNAL. HARBINGER.
249 𒃻4. U+120FB. “ĝar / nig / nik₂”.
FOOD. TO-PLACE. BREAD.
250. 𒐊 5. U+1240A. “ia”.
FIVE.
251. 𒐌 7. U+12153 “imin”.
SEVEN.
252. 𒑖 2. U+12456. “bariga / limmu₆”.
TWO. FOUR.
253. “bariga”.
254. “bur”.
255. 𒅄 16. U+12144 “buru”. SURFACE-MEASURE.
256. 𒊹 0. U+122B9 “šar₂”. THREE-THOUSAND SIX-HUNDRED (3,600). TOTALITY. WORLD.
257. 𒈦 2. U+12226 “mas”. YEAR. YEARS.
FUSIFORM GYRUS & READING.
Reading began in 3,500 BC in Sumer Mesopotamia when the “Fusiform Gyrus” was first used for reading in the brain. The Chinese reading system in the diagram BELOW was developed independently one-and-a half millennium after cuneiform in 2,000 BC China.
Sumerian is shown BELOW atop the language tree in the NOSTRATIC superphyla. NOSTRATIC is a superphyla adjacent to the DENE-CAUSIAN superphyla in the language tree BELOW.
