Here I 🎁 present: “Science Writings ✍ ⏲ Timeline”.
SCIENCE WRITINGS TIMELINE.
SIXTH CENTURY BC.
Siddhartha’ Gautama born 563 BC in Lumbini, of the SHAKYA REPUBLIC. Siddhartha’ Gautama the historical Buddha’ of the Indian’ subcontinent.
💧 1. Elemental Monism
Key Thinkers: Thales, Anaximenes.
Core Concept: Single fundamental element.
Thales: All is water.
Anaximenes: All is air.
📐 2. Numerical Cosmology
Key Thinkers: Pythagoras.
Core Concept: Math rules reality.
Belief: All is number.
Focus: Pythagorean ratios.
Idea: Harmony of spheres.
🔥 3. Pluralist Theory
Key Thinkers: Empedocles.
Core Concept: Multiple shifting elements’.
Four Elements’: Earth, air, fire, water.
Cosmic Forces: Love and strife.
Early Notion: Biological evolution.
⚛️ 4. Atomism
Key Thinkers: Leucippus, Democritus. The provided timeline illustrates key milestones in the history of science and engineering from the 6th century BC to the 1st century BC.
FIFTH CENTURY BC.
Taxila Mahavihara of India is a flourishing scholastic institution in this century.
The Hippocratic Corpus established foundational practices in medicine.
FOURTH CENTURY BC.
Plato founds the Academy in Athens, Greece as the first Western university.
Aristotle studies at the Academy, later founds his own university in Athens the Lyceum.
THIRD CENTURY BC.
Euclid and Archimedes made pioneering in mathematics and physics. Euclid systematized geometry in the Element’s. Archimedes established foundational principles of mathematics, mechanics, and hydrostatics.
SECOND CENTURY BC.
Yellow Emperor (Huangdi), “Classic of Internal Medicine (Neijing)”. This book 📖 established acupuncture’ in China.
Hipparchus made significant contributions to Hellenistic astronomy and geography.
FIRST CENTURY BC.
Vitruvius authored De Architectura, cementing foundational principles of Roman engineering.
FIRST MILLENNIUM AD.
FIRST CENTURY AD.
Charaka Samhita (Charaka).
SECOND CENTURY AD.
Book of the Later Hun (Cai Lun).
The account of Cai Lun’s improvements to papermaking (traditionally dated to 105 CE). The widespread adoption of paper became a foundational knowledge technology, enabling the later development of manuscript culture, woodblock printing, movable type, and ultimately the printing press.
Sushruta Samhita (Sushruta).
THIRD CENTURY AD.
Kashyap Samhita (Kashyap).
FOURTH CENTURY AD.
Ayurvedic Redactional Period — (Anonymous).
FIFTH CENTURY AD.
Nalanda Mahavihara of India is founded, becoming one the greatest scholastic institutions in India.
Bhela Samhita (extant fragments) — Bhela.
A parallel medical tradition to Charaka, partially preserved, offering variant diagnostic and therapeutic frameworks.
Aryabhatiya is a seminal 5th-century Sanskrit treatise composed by the Indian mathematician and astronomer Aryabhata in 499 CE.
SIXTH CENTURY AD.
Laghu Samhitas & Regional Compendia — (Various).
Localized medical manuals proliferate; the scholastic ecosystem diversifies, anticipating the synthesis achieved by Vagbhata.
SEVENTH CENTURY AD.
Isidor of Seville, ”Etymologiae”, 625.
Ashtanga Sangraha & Ashtanga Hridaya (Vagbhata).
EIGHTH CENTURY AD.
Nidāna / Madhava Nidana (Madhavakara ).
NINETH CENTURY AD.
Rasashastra Proto‑Texts — (Various).
Early alchemical–iatrochemical works emerge, integrating mineral preparations, mercury theory, and pharmacotechnical innovation.
Al-Khwarizmi, “The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing”, 830.
TENTH CENTURY AD.
Śarṅgadhara Tradition (pre‑classical phase) — (Precursors).
The pharmacological tradition that will culminate in the 13th‑century Śarṅgadhara Saṃhita begins forming, emphasizing dosage, compounding, and pulse diagnosis.
Al-Battānī, “Book of Astronomical Tables”, 900.
SECOND MILLENNIUM AD.
ELEVENTH CENTURY AD.
Alhazen, “Optics”, 1021.
Avicenna, “Canon of Medicine”, 1025.
Shen Kuo, “Dream Pool Essays”, 1088.
Shen Kuo documents the invention of ceramic movable-type printing by Bi Sheng, the earliest detailed historical record of movable-type printing.
TWELFTH CENTURY AD.
Avenzoar, “Book of Simplification Concerning Therapeutics and Diet’, 1162.
Averroes, “General Principles of Medicine”, 1162.
THIRTEENTH CENTURY AD.
Johannes Sacrobosco, “On the Sphere of the World”, 1230.
William of Saliceto, “Anatomia (Chirurgia)”, 1275.
FOURTEENTH CENTURY AD.
Guido de Vigevano, “Anothomia Philippi Septimi”, 1345.j
Nicole Oresme, “Livre du ciel et du monde”, 1377.
FIFTEENTH CENTURY AD.
Claudius Ptolemy, “Cosmographia”, 1477.
Claudius Ptolemy lived in the 2nd century AD. The date 1477 refers to the first printed edition of the “Cosmographia” not its composition.
Johannes Regiomontanus, “Theoricae Novae Planetarum”, 1496.
SIXTEENTH CENTURY AD.
Nicolaus Copernicus, “On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres”, 1543.
Andreas Vesalius, “On the Fabric of the Human Body”, 1543.
SEVENTEENTH CENTURY AD.
William Harvey, “Anatomical Exercise on the Motion of the Heart & Blood in Living Beings (De Motu Cordis)”, 1628.
Rene Descartes, “Treatise on Man” (De Homine), 1630.
Galileo Galilei, “Dialogue Concerning the Two World Systems, 1632.
Rene Descartes, “Geometry”, 1637.
Rene Descartes, “Description of the Human Body”, 1647.
Jan Baptist van Helmont, “Origins of Medicine (Ortus Medicinae)”, 1648.
Robert Boyle, “The Sceptical Chymist”, 1661.
Isaac Newton, “Principia: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy”, 1687.
EIGHTEENTH CENTURY AD.
Carl Linnaeus, System of Nature’, 1735.
Carl Linnaeus, “Genera Morborum (Varieties of Diseases)”, 1759.
Antoine Lavoisier, Elements’ of Chemistry’, 1789.
NINETEENTH CENTURY AD.
Charles Darwin, “Origin of the Species”, 1859.
Dmitri Mendeleev, “Principles of Chemistry”, 1869.
TWENTIETH CENTURY AD.
Marie Curie, “Radioactivity”, 1904.
Albert Einstein’, “General Relativity”, 1916.
Linus Pauling’, “Sickle-Cell Anemia: A Molecular Disease”, 1949.
Margaret Dayhoff, “Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure”, 1965.
Victor McKusick, Mendelian Inheritance in Man’, 1966.
