Charles Darwin, “The Origin of Species”, 1859 is the first of controversial books on “biological evolution”. Charles Darwin, “The Descent of Man”, 1871 is an even more controversial, famous science book. Continue reading Charles Darwin, "The Origin of Species", 1859.
The biosphere of the Earth consists of: lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Alfred Wegener, “The Origin of Continents and Oceans”, 1915 was the first to describe changes below the exosphere of Earth. Today, Wegener’s controversial views are accepted by the mainstream of science. Alexander Oparin, “The Origin of Life “, 1924 was the topic of an earlier … Continue reading Alfred Wegener, “The Origin of Continents and Oceans”, 1915.
Edwin Abbott, “Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions”, 1884 was the topic of an earlier blog post. The hypercube shown above, with a cube (spaceland) inside the hypercube. The cube has a square (flatland) inside it. Finally, the edge (lineland) of the square is a segment. Continue reading "Flatland Dimension Squares", 1884.
Biological Membranes was the subject of an earlier blog post. Charles Tanford, “The Hydrophobic Effect: Formation of Micelles and Biological Membranes”, 1st Edition, was published in 1973. The “Singer-Nicolson” biological membrane model of 1972, generated interest in the “Hydrophobic Effect”. The “effect” is the strong attraction of water for itself, and weak hydrocarbon attraction. The … Continue reading Charles Tanford, "The Hydrophobic Effect: Formation of Micelles and Biological Membranes, 2nd Edition, 1980.
The Singer-Nicolson model in biochemistry is second only to the Watson-Crick model in importance. The cell organelles of the two models: 1. cell membranes, and 2. genetic chromosomes are fundamental cellular structures. In the diagram above, proteins are large objects in the fat fluid. The years 1953 and 1972 gave biochemistry these new idea models. Continue reading S. Singer & G. Nicolson, “The Fluid Mosaic Model of the Structure of Cell Membranes”, SCIENCE, 1972, volume 175, pages 720-731.
