Wilbur ATWATER & Francis BENEDICT, “Calorimeter”, PART TWO (II).

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2 years ago

**Daniel G. Fahrenheit, “*Experimenta & Observationes de Congelatione aque in vacuo facta a”*, 1724** was the topic of an earlier blog post.

Wilbur Atwater & Francis Benedict, “*A Respiration Calorimeter with Appliances for the Direct Determination of Oxygen*”, 1902 was the topic of an earlier blog post.

Here I present: **Wilbur Atwater** (1844-1907), and **Francis Benedict** (1870-1957), *“Calorimeter”*, PART TWO (II).

INTRODUCTION.

Prior to the study by Francis BENEDICT & Wilbur ATWATER it was completely unknown what daily **“calories**” of food are consumed. This “**calories**” and publication had historic, impact on the twentieth century.

Here I presented: Wilbur Atwater (1844-1907), and Francis Benedict(1870-1957), *“Calorimeter”*, PART TWO (II).

COMMENTS.

Daniel Fahrenheit invented the **“thermometer”** in 1724.
“Calorie” is standardized unit of “***thermal energy***” of “mass”. A “**calorimeter**” is a gaseous Oxygen using device.

Wilbur ATWATER & Francis BENEDICT provided the “conservation of mass and energy” is a thermodynamic principle applicable to human food. Feeding food through, the digestive tract (shown ABOVE); results in permeates of food into the body.

The energy balance is “feed” equals “concentrate” plus “permeate” (shown ABOVE).

Today, all governments around the world “require Calorie Labels” on foods. Two thousand (2,000) calories daily for adult average.

The USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) was were Wilbur ATWATER & Francis BENEDICT work; but, today all around the world the results of their research is applied by food and agriculture globally. These two (2) people placed the United States on world stage as a “cuisine of calorie watching”. The concept of “entropy” which defined as “calories per degree temperature” is a thermodynamic idea central to the current discussion of “energy”.